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MYTH #38: The hockey stick is broken

DENIERS SAY:

Michael Mann’s 'hockey stick' graph is statistical nonsense, and scientists haven’t been able to replicate it.

SCIENCE SAYS:

The hockey stick graph has been confirmed again and again. There's also plenty of other evidence to show us the Earth is warming.

The famous “hockey stick” study and graph told us that the 20th century has been the warmest of at least the past 1,000 years. This conclusion was based on tree rings, ice cores, coral and other records as proxies for temperature. Since the hockey stick was published in 1999, several independent studies have found the same thing. The hockey stick study has been analyzed and upheld. In addition to this graph, there are multiple confirming lines of evidence that tell us man-made climate change is a reality.

Additional info from Skeptical Science 


The "hockey stick" describes a reconstruction of past temperature over the past 1000 to 2000 years using tree rings, ice cores, coral and other records that act as proxies for temperature. The reconstruction by climate scientist Michael Mann and his colleagues found that global temperature gradually cooled over the last 1000 years with a sharp upturn in the 20th century. The principal result from the hockey stick is that global temperatures over the last few decades are the warmest in the last 1000 years.

Figure 1: Millennial Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperature reconstruction (blue) and instrumental data (red) from AD 1000 to 1999, adapted from Mann et al. (1999). Smoother version of NH series (black), linear trend from AD 1000 to 1850 (purple-dashed) and two standard error limits (grey shaded) are shown.© IPCC. IPCC Third Assessment Report — Climate Change 2001, Working Group I: The Scientific Basis, Figure 2.20 

A critique of the hockey stick was published in 2004, claiming the hockey stick shape was the inevitable result of the statistical method used (principal components analysis). They also claimed temperatures over the 15th century were derived from one bristlecone pine proxy record. They concluded that the hockey stick shape was not statistically significant. 

An independent assessment of Mann's hockey stick was conducted by the National Center for Atmospheric Research. They reconstructed temperatures employing a variety of statistical techniques (with and without principal components analysis). Their results found slightly different temperatures in the early 15th century. However, they confirmed the principal results of the original hockey stick — that the warming trend and temperatures over the last few decades are unprecedented over at least the last 600 years.

Figure 2: Original hockey stick graph (blue - MBH1998) compared to Wahl & Ammann reconstruction (red). Instrumental record in black. © UCAR. 

While many continue to fixate on Mann's early work on proxy records, the science of paleoclimatology has moved on. Since 1999, there have been many independent reconstructions of past temperatures, using a variety of proxy data and a number of different methodologies. All find the same result — that the last few decades are the hottest in the last 500 to 2,000 years (depending on how far back the reconstruction goes). 

Adapted from © John Cook and Skeptical Science